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Sexual Preference (book)
''Sexual Preference: Its Development in Men and Women'' is a 1981 book about the development of sexual orientation by psychologist Alan P. Bell and sociologists Martin S. Weinberg and Sue Kiefer Hammersmith,〔Bell 1981. pp. iv, 8.〕 a publication of the Institute for Sex Research.〔DeCecco 1982. p. 282.〕 Together with its separately published ''Statistical Appendix'', ''Sexual Preference'' was the culmination of a series of books including ''Homosexuality: An Annotated Bibliography'' (1972) and ''Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women'' (1978), both authored jointly by Bell and Weinberg.〔Bell 1981. p. 238.〕〔Bell 1978. p. 4.〕〔Bell 1972. p. iv.〕 Based on interviews with subjects in the San Francisco Bay Area, Bell, Weinberg and Hammersmith found almost no correlation between early family experience and adult sexual orientation and therefore concluded that heterosexuality and homosexuality have a biological basis. Though ''Sexual Preference'' is one of the most frequently cited retrospective studies relating to sexual orientation, its authors' conclusions and methodology have been criticized on numerous grounds, including their reliance upon path analysis and the difficulty and potential unreliability of adult recall of childhood feeling.
==Background==
In 1969 and 1970, Bell et al., researchers affiliated with the Alfred Kinsey Institute for Sex Research, interviewed 979 homosexuals of both sexes and 477 heterosexuals of both sexes living in San Francisco.〔Bell 1981. p. 9.〕〔 Gay and lesbian volunteers were obtained through recruiting through advertisements in gay gathering places and by word of mouth. Heterosexual subjects were obtained using random sampling techniques. Subjects were interviewed in their own homes for three to five hours. They were asked about two hundred questions, some open-ended, some specifying a limited number of possible answers.〔Stein 1999. p. 235.〕
The following criteria for homosexuality and heterosexuality were used: "Respondents were asked to rate their sexual feelings and behaviors on the seven-point Kinsey Scale, which ranges from 'exclusively heterosexual' (a score of 0) to 'exclusively homosexual' (a score of 6). Respondents' sexual feelings scores were then averaged with their sexual behaviors scores. Those with a combined score of 2 or more were classified as homosexual; those with a combined score of less than 2, heterosexual."〔Bell 1981. p. 32.〕
Regarding their backgrounds, Bell et al. wrote that "Bell, as a psychologist and therapist, is relatively supportive of psychodynamic theory", while Weinberg and Hammersmith were sociologists with a "different theoretical perspective." Bell et al. believed that this was a strength of their study and prevented them from finding "what our respective backgrounds would have led us to expect."〔Bell 1981. p. 8.〕
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